Soumatome 20 Lessons JLPT N4 Grammar Lesson 5: Verb conjugations & patterns (V-dic, V-nai)

Used to invite others to do something together.

Used to invite someone to do something. The action may be performed by only one person.

Used to offer to do something.

Pay attention to the speaker's location to choose correctly between coming and going.

Expresses the desire of the speaker or listener.

Used for a third person, when talking about someone else's desire.

Indicates two or more actions occurring simultaneously.

Attach it to the ます-stem of a verb or to an adjective stem to express a judgment based on observable signs: “looks...” or “looks about to...”. This differs from hearsay ～そうだ, meaning “I hear that...”.

An imperative form used by someone of higher status toward someone of lower status.

Expresses ability or possibility.

Expresses a gradual change in state, ability, or habit. Use dictionary-form / negative-form verb + ようになる; it often appears with potential verbs but is not limited to potential or intransitive verbs.

Dictionary-form verb + ため（に） expresses an intentional purpose, “in order to...”. With a noun, use Nのため（に）. Depending on structure and context, ため（に） can also express a cause.

Dictionary-form verb + のに nominalizes an action and marks its purpose or use, often with evaluations such as 便利, 必要, or 役に立つ: “convenient/necessary/useful for doing...”. Distinguish it from concessive のに, “although”.

Used for inevitable results, general rules, machine operations, directions, or habits: whenever/if A, B follows. The second clause normally does not express the speaker's volition, command, invitation, request, or wish.

Used when a matter is decided by someone or circumstances other than the subject.

Used when the subject makes the decision.

Used to change a direct command into indirect reported speech.

Expresses things that happen occasionally and can still occur in the present.

Expresses a desired result or goal, “so that...”. It commonly follows a non-volitional verb, potential form, or negative form; unlike ために, it is not normally used for a directly controlled intentional action.

Used for a normal, relatively polite prohibition/request not to do something.