1. ~をもとに(して) (Based on / Using... as a basis)
Noun (N1) + をもとにした N2
Meaning: Based on / using... as a basis.
✓ Used when data, events, stories, experiences, results, ideas, etc. serve as the basis for creating, deciding, or carrying out something.
✓ It is not normally used for a physical raw material that directly constitutes a product; から / で is generally used in that case.
✓ Noun-modifying form: N1をもとにしたN2.
2. ~に基づいて (Based upon / In accordance with...)
Noun (N1) + に基づく N2 / に基づいた N2
Meaning: To do something based on clear data or a solid foundation.
✓ Often accompanied by words indicating standards or concrete actual data (such as methods, data, plans, policies, survey results...).
✓ The second clause contains an action verb.
3. ~に沿って (Along with / In accordance with...)
Noun (N1) + に沿う N2 / に沿った N2
Meaning: In accordance with / along...
✓ Figuratively, it means acting without deviating from a policy, plan, rule, theme, wish, expectation, etc.
✓ It also has a literal spatial meaning: along a road, river, coastline, and so on.
✓ Noun-modifying forms: N1に沿うN2 / N1に沿ったN2.
4. ~のもとで / ~のもとに (Under the... / Under the guidance of...)
Meaning: Under / under the guidance, influence, protection, or conditions of...
✓ Indicates that an action or state occurs under someone’s guidance, influence, protection, management, or under a certain condition/state.
✓ のもとで often emphasizes the circumstances or setting in which an action takes place, such as under someone’s guidance or management.
✓ のもとに is often more formal and frequently occurs with conditions, principles, names/pretexts, unity, etc. Their uses overlap, so “で = person, に = condition” should not be treated as an absolute rule.
5. ~向けだ / ~向けに (Aimed at... / Intended for...)
Meaning: Designed or made targeting a specific audience (Intended for...).
✓ Mostly used with Nouns referring to People.
✓ The second clause often contains verbs meaning to create, design, edit... specifically for that target group.