1. ~とみえる (It seems / Apparently...)
Meaning: It seems / apparently...
✓ The speaker makes an inference from observable signs, circumstances, or results.
✓ It is not limited to judging another person; it can concern people, animals, or situations in general.
✓ ~とみえて often connects the inference with the observable result/evidence that follows.
2. ~かねない (May well / There is a risk that...)
Meaning: May / could well / runs the risk of an undesirable result.
✓ Attaches to the ます-stem: remove ます and add かねない.
✓ The speaker warns that, given the situation, a bad result is quite possible.
✓ Compared with おそれがある, かねない often sounds more like the speaker’s warning/evaluation, while おそれがある is more objective/formal and common in reports and announcements.
3. ~おそれがある (There is a risk / There is a possibility that...)
Vる / Vない + おそれがある
Meaning: There is a risk that something bad or undesirable may happen.
✓ Commonly used in news reports, weather forecasts, formal presentations, and written explanations.
4. ~まい / ~ではあるまいか (Probably not / Might it not be...?)
V ます (Groups 2, 3) + まい (or Vる + まい)
* Động từ する -> するまい / すまい
Plain form + のではあるまいか
* Na-adjective だ -> な / Noun N だ -> な
Meaning: Expresses the speaker’s conjecture, such as 'probably not' or 'might it perhaps be...?'.
✓ Not used together with polite forms (ます/です) or in the past tense.
✓ The subject cannot be the first person.
✓ ではあるまいか is often used as a rhetorical question expressing doubt or a tentative opinion: 'Isn’t it perhaps...?'
5. ~に違いない / ~に相違ない (Must be / There is no doubt that...)
* Na-adjective だ -> である / Noun N だ -> である (or drop だ)
Meaning: Must be / surely / there is no doubt that...
✓ Expresses the speaker’s highly confident judgment, often based on evidence, circumstances, or reasoning.
✓ に相違ない is close in meaning to に違いない but is stiffer and more formal, especially in writing.
✓ Explicit “clear evidence” does not have to be stated in the sentence.
6. ~にきまっている (Of course / It is definitely...)
* Na-adjective だ / Noun N だ (Drop だ and attach directly)
Meaning: Definitely / of course / surely...
✓ Expresses very strong conviction and is often more subjective, emotional, or emphatic than に違いない.
✓ Common in conversation. Depending on context it can mean “obviously,” but it does not imply that everyone must necessarily share the same judgment.