1. ~最中だ (Right in the middle of...)
Vている + 最中だ / に
Right in the middle of an action or process (when...).
✓ Emphasizes that an action/event is right in the middle of taking place.
✓ With ~最中に, the following clause often describes an event occurring in the middle of it, frequently unexpectedly or as an interruption.
2. ~うちに (While / Before)
Vる / Vている / Vない + うちに
Aい / Aな + うちに
~うちに has two main usages:
- A: While a certain condition still exists or before something happens, take the opportunity to do the action in the second clause (Second clause involves the speaker's volition).
- B: While the process in the first clause is ongoing, a change in the second clause naturally occurs at some point (Second clause has no volition).
3. ~ばかりだ / ~一方だ (Keeps on... / Just keeps getting...)
✓ Expresses a change that goes in only one direction or trend (more and more...).
✓ Accompanied by verbs showing change (increase, decrease, worsen...).
✓ ばかりだ is often used with a negative connotation.
✓ When this clause serves as a reason in the middle of a sentence → It changes to ばかりで / 一方なので.
4. ~(よ)うとしている (Is about to... / Is going to...)
✓ Used to describe the state of something that is "about to V".
✓ Usually used with momentary verbs.
✓ A more formal and stiff expression compared to もうすぐ.
5. ~つつある (In the process of... / Gradually...)
✓ In the middle of a process where a thing or phenomenon is changing → "Gradually becoming...".
✓ Usually used with stative verbs and verbs expressing change.
6. ~つつ (While... / doing both...)
✓ Expresses two actions or states occurring in parallel: “while doing V1, do V2”.
✓ In principle, both actions share the same subject.
✓ Similar to ~ながら, but ~つつ has a more written and formal tone and is common in written or formal expressions.