法律を制定する
enact a law
→ Establish a new law in the Diet.
法律を施行する
enforce a law
→ Enforce the tax increase law starting next month.
法律を整備する
develop / improve the legal framework
→ Streamline laws to match the changes of the times.
法律を改正する
amend a law
→ Amend outdated traffic laws.
制度を改定する
revise a system
→ Revise the system of the pension receiving age.
規範を示す
set an example / show a norm
→ The teacher sets a pattern for students to follow the rules themselves.
規律を守る
observe discipline
→ Live while observing school rules.
違反を取り締まる
crack down on violations
→ The police strictly crack down on speed violations.
不正を追及する
pursue / investigate wrongdoing
→ Investigate politicians' financial injustice in the Diet.
罰則を設ける
establish penalties
→ Impose strict penal regulations for drunk driving.
免許を交付する
issue a license
→ Pass the exam and issue a driver's license.
税金を免除する
exempt from paying tax
→ Exempt some taxes for disaster victims.
制度を廃止する
abolish an institution
→ Abolish an old institution with no effect.
～省
Ministry
→ He works at the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
官庁
government office
→ Many government offices are gathered in Kasumigaseki.
官僚
bureaucrat
→ Pass the national civil service exam and become a bureaucrat.
課税する
impose a tax
→ Impose tariffs on imported goods.
税を申告する
declare taxes
→ You must declare taxes every March.
財政の危機
financial crisis
→ Debt increases, and the country is in a serious financial crisis.
天下り
post-retirement jobs for former bureaucrats
→ Cushy jobs for retired bureaucrats are frequently targets of criticism.
自治体
local government / municipality
→ Each self-governing body provides its own childcare support.
条例を定める
enact a regulation
→ Enact a regulation banning the use of smartphones while walking.
権利を保障する
guarantee rights, privileges
→ The constitution guarantees the basic rights of the people.
緊急の措置
urgent measures
→ Take urgent measures in preparation for a typhoon.
国際
international
→ Board an international flight at the airport.
国土
national territory
→ About 70% of Japan's national territory is forest.
国連に加盟する
join the United Nations
→ Many countries join the United Nations aiming for peace.
情勢を見守る
keep an eye on the situation
→ Keep an eye on the unstable situation in the Middle East.
条約を採択する
adopt a treaty
→ Adopt a new treaty regarding environmental protection.
条約に調印する
sign a treaty
→ Representatives of both countries sign a peace treaty.
友好な関係
friendly relationship
→ Build a harmonious relationship over many years with the neighboring country.
親善に努める
work to maintain goodwill
→ Work to maintain international goodwill through sports.
隣国を侵略する
invade a neighboring country
→ Historically, there are many examples of major powers invading a neighboring country.
領海に侵入する
enter territorial waters
→ An incident occurred where a foreign ship illegally entered Japan's territorial waters.
領土を侵す
intrude on one's territory
→ Intruding on another country's territory is a violation of international law.
紛争地帯
conflict zone
→ A journalist goes to a dangerous conflict zone to report.
内戦が続く
civil war continues
→ The civil war has been continuing for several years in that country.
難民
refugee
→ Support many refugees who lost their homes in the war.
母国
home country, motherland
→ International students hope to contribute to the development of their home country someday.
