Part 1: Particles used with transportation
Meaning: ~に indicates entering or getting on ~ / ~を indicates leaving or getting off ~.
→ Get on the train.
→ Get off the train.
→ Transfer from the train to the bus.
Part 2: Connecting simple sentences into compound sentences
* For Verbs (V): Use Vて to list actions in chronological order.
* For Nouns (N): Can be used not only for sentences with the same topic but also to connect sentences with different topics.
* For Adjectives (A): Only used to connect adjectives with similar meanings.
→ Every morning I wake up at 6 o'clock, eat breakfast, and then go to school.
→ I am an office worker, and Mr. Tanaka is a doctor.
→ I am Huong, and I am a student.
→ This tree is long and heavy.
→ This place is beautiful and quiet.
Part 3: ~Vてから (After doing V1, V2)
Meaning: After doing V1, do V2. Emphasizes the sequential order of actions. The tense (future, present, past...) is determined by the final verb (V2). The subject of the main clause takes は, while the subject of the subordinate clause takes が.
→ After eating a meal, I brush my teeth.
B: 新聞を よんでから、でかけました。
→ A: What did you do yesterday? B: After reading the newspaper, I went out.
Part 4: N1は N2が~ (Details of a whole)
Meaning: Used to describe a specific detail or attribute of a larger subject.
→ Hokkaido has a lot of snow.
B: めが おおきくて、はだが しろいです。
→ A: How is Maria? B: Her eyes are big, and her skin is white.
B: かみが くろくて、ながいひとですよ。
→ A: Which person is Yumiko? B: She is the person with long, black hair.
Part 5: どうやって (How / In what way)
Meaning: どうやって: How? / By what means? Used to ask about the sequence or method to do something.
B: 京都駅から 16番の バスに 乗って、大学前で 降ります。
→ A: How do you go to the university? B: I take bus number 16 from Kyoto Station and get off in front of the university.
B: まず ここに カードを 入れて、それから、あんしょうばんごうと きんがくを 押してください。
→ A: How do I withdraw money? B: First, insert your card here, and then press your PIN and the amount.
Part 6: どれ / どのN (Which one / Which N)
Meaning: どれ: which one / どのN: which N. Used to specify or choose an object from a group of three or more.
B: あかい かさです。
→ A: Which one is your umbrella? B: It is the red umbrella.
B: あの 背が 高くて、髪が 黒い 人です。
→ A: Which person is Karina? B: She is the tall person with black hair over there.