6 key grammar patterns
#1L37_G1
Part 1: How to conjugate verbs into the Passive Form
Sentence Pattern
Group I: V[i]masu → V[a]remasu
Group II: Vmasu → Vraremasu
Group III: kimasu → koraremasu, shimasu → saremasu
Verbs conjugated into the passive form are treated as Group II verbs:
kakaremasu kakareru kakarenai kakarete
Group II: Vmasu → Vraremasu
Group III: kimasu → koraremasu, shimasu → saremasu
Verbs conjugated into the passive form are treated as Group II verbs:
kakaremasu kakareru kakarenai kakarete
#2L37_G2
Part 2: N1 は N2 に Passive Verb
Sentence Pattern
N1 は N2 に V受身形
N1(person) は N2(person) に Passive Verb
Meaning: N1 is V-ed by N2
Explanation: N1 is the subject of the sentence, N2 is the agent of the action indicated by the particle に.
The agent of the action (N2 can be a moving object like an animal, a car...)
Meaning: N1 is V-ed by N2
Explanation: N1 is the subject of the sentence, N2 is the agent of the action indicated by the particle に.
The agent of the action (N2 can be a moving object like an animal, a car...)
Example Sentences (3)
先生は わたしを ほめました。
→ 私は 先生に ほめられました。
→ 私は 先生に ほめられました。
→ The teacher praised me. → I was praised by the teacher.
母は わたしに 買い物を 頼みました。
→ わたしは 母に 買い物を 頼まれました。
→ わたしは 母に 買い物を 頼まれました。
→ My mother asked me to do the shopping. → I was asked by my mother to do the shopping.
わたしは 犬に かまれました。
→ I was bitten by a dog.
#3L37_G3
Part 3: N1 は N2 に N3 を Passive Verb
Sentence Pattern
N1 は N2 に N3 を V受身形
N1(person) は N2(person) に N3 を Passive Verb
Meaning: N1 has N3 V-ed by N2
Explanation: N2 performs some action on N3 which is possessed by N1.
Often indicates an action that causes annoyance to the subject of the sentence.
Do not use this form to express gratitude or appreciation.
I had my computer fixed by a friend.
私 は 友達 に パソコンを 修理 されました。 X
私 は 友達 に パソコンを 修理 してもらいました。 O
Meaning: N1 has N3 V-ed by N2
Explanation: N2 performs some action on N3 which is possessed by N1.
Often indicates an action that causes annoyance to the subject of the sentence.
Do not use this form to express gratitude or appreciation.
I had my computer fixed by a friend.
Example Sentences (2)
弟が わたしの パソコンを 壊しました。
→ わたしは 弟に パソコンを 壊されました。
→ わたしは 弟に パソコンを 壊されました。
→ My younger brother broke my laptop. → I had my laptop broken by my younger brother.
わたしは 犬に 手を かまれました。
→ I was bitten on the hand by a dog.
#4L37_G4
Part 4: N は/が Passive Verb
Sentence Pattern
N は/が V受身形
N は/が Passive Verb
Meaning: ☞ Talks about a thing, event, or phenomenon that is widely known.
Meaning: ☞ Talks about a thing, event, or phenomenon that is widely known.
Example Sentences (2)
フランスで 昔の日本の絵が 発見されました。
→ An old Japanese painting was discovered in France.
A: 日本の電子製品は どこへ 輸出 されていますか。
B: 世界中へ 輸出されています。
B: 世界中へ 輸出されています。
→ A: Where are Japanese electronic products exported to? B: They are exported all over the world.
#5L37_G5
Part 5: 〜から / 〜で : from / made of
Sentence Pattern
〜から / 〜で
～から / ～で : from / made of
から: The finished product has changed the properties and structure of the original material. When you look at the product, you cannot tell what the original material was.
で: Looking at the product, you can immediately tell what the original material is.
から: The finished product has changed the properties and structure of the original material. When you look at the product, you cannot tell what the original material was.
で: Looking at the product, you can immediately tell what the original material is.
Example Sentences (3)
紙は 木から つくられます。
→ Paper is made from wood.
この机は 木で つくられます。
→ This desk is made of wood.
A: ビールの原料は なんですか。
B: ビールは むぎから つくられます。
B: ビールは むぎから つくられます。
→ A: What is the raw material for beer? B: Beer is made from barley.
#6L37_G6
Part 6: N1 の N2
Sentence Pattern
N1 の N2
N1 の N2
Meaning: ☞ N1 and N2 are in apposition. The general meaning is "N2, which is N1".
Meaning: ☞ N1 and N2 are in apposition. The general meaning is "N2, which is N1".
Example Sentences (2)
ビールは むぎから つくられます。これが 原料の 麦です。
→ Beer is made from barley. This is the barley raw material.
ペットのいぬ
むすこのハンス
むすこのハンス
→ pet dog my son Hans
