5 key grammar patterns
#1L23_G1
1-1. ～とき (When...)
Sentence Pattern
Vる / Vない + とき
Aい + とき
Aな + とき
N + の + とき
When ~.
The word [とき] itself acts as an N. It connects two clauses and expresses the time when a state or action occurs.
The word [とき] itself acts as an N. It connects two clauses and expresses the time when a state or action occurs.
Example Sentences (3)
新聞を 読む とき、 眼鏡を かけます。
→ I wear glasses when reading the newspaper.
出かける とき、「行ってまいります」と 言います。
→ When going out, we say "I'm leaving".
来ない とき、 私に 連絡して ください。
→ If you don't come, please contact me.
#2L23_G2
1-2. V Dictionary form / Ta-form + とき
Sentence Pattern
Vる + とき
Vた + とき
When...
V Dictionary form + とき: the action is not yet completed (before doing). V Ta-form + とき: the action is already completed (after doing).
V Dictionary form + とき: the action is not yet completed (before doing). V Ta-form + とき: the action is already completed (after doing).
Example Sentences (2)
出かける とき、 電気を 消して ください。
→ When leaving the house (before leaving), please turn off the lights.
出た とき、 ドアを 閉めて ください。
→ When you have gone out (after exiting), please close the door.
#3L23_G3
2. V Dictionary form / Nai-form + と、~
Sentence Pattern
Vる + と、~
Vない + と、~
If / Whenever... then...
Note the difference from [ないと] in Lesson 21 which means 'Must' at the end of a sentence. Here, it means if clause 1 happens, clause 2 will naturally or inevitably happen.
Note the difference from [ないと] in Lesson 21 which means 'Must' at the end of a sentence. Here, it means if clause 1 happens, clause 2 will naturally or inevitably happen.
Example Sentences (4)
この ボタンを 押すと、 お釣りが 出ます。
→ Whenever you press this button, change comes out.
これを 回すと、 音が 大きく なります。
→ If you turn this, the volume will go up.
右へ 曲がると、 郵便局が あります。
→ If you turn right, there will be a post office.
日本語が 分からないと、 困りますよ。
→ If you don't understand Japanese, you will be in trouble.
#4L23_G4
3. N が A / V
Sentence Pattern
N + が + A / V
Used to objectively describe a natural phenomenon, a state, or a situation that is occurring.
Example Sentences (2)
音が 小さいです。
→ The sound is small.
天気が 明るく なりました。
→ The weather has become clear/bright.
#5L23_G5
4. N (Place) を + V of Movement
Sentence Pattern
N (địa điểm) + を + V (di chuyển)
Passing through, crossing, or moving continuously within a space.
Used to indicate the place or location through which a person or thing passes. The accompanying V are movement verbs. The particle を indicates passing through, crossing, or moving continuously within a space (e.g., flying in the sky, walking in the park).
Used to indicate the place or location through which a person or thing passes. The accompanying V are movement verbs. The particle を indicates passing through, crossing, or moving continuously within a space (e.g., flying in the sky, walking in the park).
Example Sentences (4)
公園を 散歩します。
→ Take a walk in the park.
道を 渡ります。
→ Cross the street.
交差点を 右へ 曲がります。
→ Turn right at the intersection.
空を 飛びます。
→ Fly in the sky.
