8 key grammar patterns
#1L33_G1
1. Imperative Form Conjugation
Sentence Pattern
Ⅰ : V (い段) → V (え段)
Ⅱ : Vます + ろ
Ⅲ : きます → こい / します → しろ
How to conjugate V into the Imperative form.
Group I: Change the last sound of the [ます] form to the corresponding sound in the [え] row. Group II: Add [ろ] to the [ます] stem. Group III: [きます] becomes [こい], [します] becomes [しろ].
Group I: Change the last sound of the [ます] form to the corresponding sound in the [え] row. Group II: Add [ろ] to the [ます] stem. Group III: [きます] becomes [こい], [します] becomes [しろ].
Example Sentences (2)
書きます → 書け
泳ぎます → 泳げ
飲みます → 飲め
泳ぎます → 泳げ
飲みます → 飲め
→ Write → Write! Swim → Swim! Drink → Drink!
下げます → 下げろ
出ます → 出ろ
出ます → 出ろ
→ Lower → Lower it! Exit → Get out!
#2L33_G2
2. Prohibitive Form Conjugation
Sentence Pattern
Vる (thể từ điển) + な
Do not ~.
Change the V to the dictionary form (る-form) and add [な] for all 3 V groups.
Change the V to the dictionary form (る-form) and add [な] for all 3 V groups.
Example Sentences (2)
書く → 書くな
泳ぐ → 泳ぐな
飲む → 飲むな
泳ぐ → 泳ぐな
飲む → 飲むな
→ Write → Do not write! Swim → Do not swim! Drink → Do not drink!
下げる → 下げるな
出る → 出るな
出る → 出るな
→ Lower → Do not lower! Exit → Do not go out!
#3L33_G3
3. Usage of Imperative and Prohibitive Forms
Sentence Pattern
V (thể mệnh lệnh)
V (thể cấm chỉ)
Used to force someone to perform an action.
Typically used from a superior to a subordinate. Used for commands in drills, sports activities, and emergency situations. Used for cheering in sports. Used in slogans, signboards, and warning signs.
Typically used from a superior to a subordinate. Used for commands in drills, sports activities, and emergency situations. Used for cheering in sports. Used in slogans, signboards, and warning signs.
Example Sentences (3)
非常口、 急げ！
→ Emergency exit, hurry up!
車を 止めるな。
→ Do not park the car.
写真を 撮るな。
→ Do not take pictures.
#4L33_G4
4. ～Vなさい
Sentence Pattern
Vます + なさい
Polite Imperative.
Used to give a command or request, but it is softer and less harsh than the direct Imperative form. Females often use this pattern.
Used to give a command or request, but it is softer and less harsh than the direct Imperative form. Females often use this pattern.
Example Sentences (2)
勉強しなさい。
→ Study.
食べなさい。
→ Eat.
#5L33_G5
5. ～と 読みます / ～と 書いて あります
Sentence Pattern
～と 読 みます
～と 書 いて あります
Read as ~ / Written as ~.
[～と 読みます] means 'read as ~'. [～と 書いて あります] means 'written as ~' or 'it says ~'.
[～と 読みます] means 'read as ~'. [～と 書いて あります] means 'written as ~' or 'it says ~'.
Example Sentences (2)
あの 漢字は 何と 読むんですか。
→ How do you read that kanji?
あそこに 何と 書いて あるんですか。
「使用禁止」と 書いて あります。
「使用禁止」と 書いて あります。
→ What is written over there? It says "Do not use" (Out of order).
#6L33_G6
6. ～と いう 意味です
Sentence Pattern
N1 + は + N2 + と いう 意味 です
Means ~.
The structure [N1 は N2 と いう 意味です] explains that N1 means N2.
The structure [N1 は N2 と いう 意味です] explains that N1 means N2.
Example Sentences (1)
この 漢字は どう いう 意味ですか。
使うなと いう 意味です。
使うなと いう 意味です。
→ What does this Kanji mean? It means "Do not use".
#7L33_G7
7. ～と 言っていました
Sentence Pattern
「Câu」 / V / A / N (thể thông thường) + と + 言 っていました
Someone said that ~.
Used to convey the words of a third person to someone else. Note the difference: [～と 言いました] is used for direct quoting, while [～と 言っていました] is used to pass on a message.
Used to convey the words of a third person to someone else. Note the difference: [～と 言いました] is used for direct quoting, while [～と 言っていました] is used to pass on a message.
Example Sentences (1)
田中: お弁当を 買いに 行きますよ。
A: 田中さんは 何と 言っていましたか。
B: お弁当を 買いに 行くと 言っていました。
A: 田中さんは 何と 言っていましたか。
B: お弁当を 買いに 行くと 言っていました。
→ Tanaka: I am going to buy a bento (lunch box). A: What did Mr. Tanaka say? B: He said that he was going to buy a bento.
#8L33_G8
8. ～と 伝えて いただけませんか
Sentence Pattern
「Câu」 / V / A / N (thể thông thường) + と + 伝 えて いただけませんか
Could you please tell someone that ~? / Could you convey the message that ~?
Used to politely ask someone to pass on a message to a third party.
Used to politely ask someone to pass on a message to a third party.
Example Sentences (1)
すみませんが、 渡辺さんに 明日の パーティーは 6時からだと 伝えて いただけませんか。
分かりました。 6時からですね。
分かりました。 6時からですね。
→ Excuse me, could you please tell Ms. Watanabe that tomorrow's party starts at 6 o'clock? Understood. From 6 o'clock, right.
