4 key grammar patterns
#1L27_G1
1. Potential Form Conjugation
Sentence Pattern
Ⅰ : V (い段) → V (え段) + ます
Ⅱ : Vます (ます) + られます
Ⅲ : きます → こられます / します → できます
How to conjugate V into the potential form (can do).
Group I: Change from the [い] column to the [え] column and add ます. Group II: Drop [ます] and add [られます]. Group III: きます becomes こられます, します becomes できます.
Group I: Change from the [い] column to the [え] column and add ます. Group II: Drop [ます] and add [られます]. Group III: きます becomes こられます, します becomes できます.
Example Sentences (2)
ミラーさんは 漢字を 読めます。
→ Mr. Miller can read Kanji.
この 銀行で ドルが 換えられます。
→ You can exchange dollars at this bank.
#2L27_G2
2. ～が 見えます / 聞こえます
Sentence Pattern
N (địa điểm) + から + N + が + 見 えます / 聞 こえます
Can see / Can hear naturally.
～が 見えます: can see (naturally). ～が 聞こえます: can hear (naturally). Difference from 見られます / 聞けます: [見られる] and [聞ける] indicate that the speaker must use time, ability, or a specific method to be able to see or hear something.
～が 見えます: can see (naturally). ～が 聞こえます: can hear (naturally). Difference from 見られます / 聞けます: [見られる] and [聞ける] indicate that the speaker must use time, ability, or a specific method to be able to see or hear something.
Example Sentences (2)
私の うちから、 山が 見えます。
→ I can see the mountains from my house.
車の 音が 聞こえますね。
→ We can hear the sound of cars, can't we?
#3L27_G3
3. ～が できます
Sentence Pattern
～は + N + が できます
N (địa điểm) + に + N + が できます
Is completed / built.
Talks about an object that has been completed or finished. Indicates that something (N) has been built, established, or made at a certain location.
Talks about an object that has been completed or finished. Indicates that something (N) has been built, established, or made at a certain location.
Example Sentences (3)
晩ご飯が もう できました。
→ Dinner is already ready.
駅の 前に 大きい スーパーが できました。
→ A large supermarket was built in front of the station.
準備が できましたか。
→ Are you ready? (Is the preparation done?)
#4L27_G4
4. ～しか～ない
Sentence Pattern
N / số lượng + しか + Vない
Only / Nothing but ~.
[しか] is used after N, quantifiers, etc., and replaces the particles [が] and [を]. It is always used with negative V. This contrasts with [だけ], which means 'only' but is used with affirmative V.
[しか] is used after N, quantifiers, etc., and replaces the particles [が] and [を]. It is always used with negative V. This contrasts with [だけ], which means 'only' but is used with affirmative V.
Example Sentences (2)
今日、 私は 15分しか 休みません。
→ Today, I will only rest for 15 minutes.
今日、 私は 15分だけ 休みます。
→ Today, I will rest for only 15 minutes. (Using だけ with an affirmative verb).
